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Marchiori, Erica (2018) Parasitic infections in sea turtles and cetaceans in Mediterranean Sea waters, with a focus on the Adriatic Sea. [Ph.D. thesis]

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Abstract (italian or english)

Parasitic infections contribute to natural mortality in population of free ranging sea turtles and cetaceans worldwide. Notwithstanding all host-dependant factors influencing the outcomes of parasitic infections, some parasites, spanning from protozoan to helminthic taxa, have a high pathogenic potential and can cause fatal disease in these animals. Sea turtles blood flukes (Digenea: Spirorchiidae) are a main factor in mortality of populations of green and loggerhead turtles in Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. In order to explore presence and pathology of spirorchiidiasis in the Mediterranean area, data from 168 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) stranded dead along North Western Adriatic coast were collected during a six-years period. Parasitological study and pathological findings revealed the presence of eggs and adult flukes of Hapalotrema mistroides and Neospirorchis – Neogen 11, with prevalence of 15.5% and 6.0% respectively. Mild lesions were observed, including multifocal granulomatous enteritis and chronic focal vasculitis of the major vessels. Egg emboli were found widespread in the tissues, mostly attributable to H. mistroides. Sequencing of rDNA markers (28S and ITS-2) and phylogenetic analyses revealed the identity of the Mediterranean isolates with Floridian specimens. Genetic analysis on the hosts led to the conclusion that the life cycles of both genera can be entirely supported by the Mediterranean ecosystem. To estimate the infection intensity, a new rapid method was set up. Correlation between spleen egg burden and fecal egg output was studied by means of statistical tests applied to splenic tissue and fecal material, revealing the absence of correlation and the unreliability of fecal burden to assess severity of the disease in vivo. Gastrointestinal helminth community of loggerheads was also studied, revealing a species diversity typical of demersal stage turtles and similar to that observed in other neritic areas of the Mediterranean.
As for cetaceans, crassicaudosis is considered one of most severe helminthic infections in these animals. Nevertheless, knowledge on the epidemiology of Crassicauda species is scarce, due to constraints of sampling free-ranging wild host species and to the difficulty of obtaining entire specimens suitable for morphologic studies. Presence and pathology of Crassicauda boopis were investigated in fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) stranded along Italian coasts. Severe lesions linked to the presence of adult nematodes in circulatory system and kidneys were detected in five rorquals (5/7), associated with renal function impairment and arteritis of the mesenteric vessels linked to spirurid larvae migrans. Morphological studies enabled the identification of the adult nematodes as C. boopis. Sequencing of molecular barcode regions was performed on adult and larval nematodes from the whales; additionally, specimens of Crassicauda spp. isolated from toothed whales were morphologically and molecularly studied. A multigene analysis made on the barcode regions of rDNA and on the mtDNA revealed the ITS-2 spacer to be the most efficient marker in species differentiation inside the genus Crassicauda. This analysis opened new insights on the identity of the isolated larvae migrans and on the life cycles of these poorly known nematodes. Furthermore, during the parasitological examination, immature elements of the genus Pennella were recovered from one fin whale and described from a morphological point of view for the first time. Preliminary molecular data were obtained, with the aim of clarifying the taxonomy of the genus Pennella. The coccidian Toxoplasma gondii was detected in the tissues of one rorqual as well, likely associated with a chronic infection.
In conclusion, these parasitological surveys highlighted the importance of a continue monitoring of the health of these endangered species avoiding underestimating the potential impact of parasitic diseases in natural mortality.

Abstract (a different language)

Le infestazioni parassitarie contribuiscono alla mortalità naturale in popolazioni di tartarughe marine e cetacei in tutto il mondo. A prescindere dai diversi fattori dipendenti dall’ospite che possono influenzare l’esito di tali infestazioni, alcuni parassiti, dai protozoi agli elminti, possiedono un alto potenziale patogeno, tale da essere causa primaria di morte. Infestazioni da Trematodi Digenei del sistema cardiocircolatorio (Digenea:Spirorchiidae) sono un’ importante causa di morbidità in popolazioni di tartarughe marine degli oceani Pacifico e Atlantico. Per indagare la presenza e la patologia di questa infestazione nel Mediterraneo, sono stati raccolti dati da 168 tartarughe Caretta caretta spiaggiate lungo la costa adriatica nord occidentale in un periodo di sei anni. L’approccio parassitologico, sia tradizionale che molecolare, e lo studio anatomopatologico hanno rivelato la presenza di uova e adulti di Hapalotrema mistroides e Neospirorchis – Neogen 11 con prevalenze di 15.5% e 6.0% rispettivamente. Sono state riscontrate lesioni lievi, tra cui enterite granulomatosa multifocale e vasculite cronica focale a carico dei grossi vasi. Il sequenziamento dei markers genomici (28S e ITS-2) e l’analisi filogenetica hanno permesso di verificare l’identità dei nostri campioni con quelli isolati in Florida. Analisi genetiche effettuate sugli ospiti hanno portato a concludere che il ciclo vitale di questi parassiti può completarsi all’interno del Mediterraneo. Un nuovo metodo rapido per la quantificazione dell’intensità di infestazione è stato quindi messo a punto. È stata studiata la correlazione tra l’emissione di uova nelle feci e la presenza di uova nei tessuti attraverso l’applicazione di test statistici, che hanno rivelato l’inattendibilità del valore della carica di uova fecali al fine di stimare la gravità dell’infestazione in vivo. Per quanto riguarda i cetacei, la crassicaudosi è una delle più gravi elmintiasi in questi animali ma ciononostante i dati sull’epidemiologia di Crassicauda spp. sono ancora scarsi, a causa delle limitazioni poste dal campionare queste specie ospite e alla difficoltà di ottenere campioni parassitologici integri. La presenza e la patologia della crassicaudosi sono state studiate in balenottere comuni (Balaenoptera physalus) spiaggiate lungo le coste italiane. Gravi lesioni collegate alla presenza di nematodi adulti nel sistema circolatorio e nei reni sono state trovate in cinque animali (5/7), in presenza di insufficienza renale in un caso e arterite dei vasi mesenterici associata alla presenza di larvae migrans di nematodi spiruridi. Gli studi morfologici, comparati con le descrizioni in letteratura, hanno permesso di identificare i parassiti adulti come Crassicauda boopis. Sono state sequenziate le regioni di barcoding sui parassiti adulti e sulle larve e, parallelamente, altri individui di Crassicauda spp., isolati da odontoceti, sono stati studiati morfologicamente e molecolarmente. Un’analisi multigenica sulle regioni barcode ha rivelato che il segmento ITS-2 si è rivelato il più efficiente nella distinzione di specie all’interno del genere Crassicauda. Questa analisi apre nuove questioni riguardo l’identità delle larve migrans e il ciclo vitale di questi nematodi. Durante l’esame parassitologico, elementi immaturi di Pennella spp. sono stati isolati da una balenottera e descritti morfologicamente per la prima volta. Dati molecolari preliminari sono stati ottenuti al fine di chiarire la tassonomia del genere Pennella. Toxoplasma gondii è stato isolato da un altro esemplare, associato a infezione cronica.
I dati parassitologici raccolti hanno rivelato l’importanza di un continuo monitoraggio della salute di queste specie che tenga in considerazione il potenziale effetto delle parassitosi sulla mortalità naturale.

EPrint type:Ph.D. thesis
Tutor:Marcer , Federica
Ph.D. course:Ciclo 31 > Corsi 31 > SCIENZE VETERINARIE
Data di deposito della tesi:30 November 2018
Anno di Pubblicazione:30 November 2018
Key Words:Parasites Cetaceans Sea turtles Mediterranean Sea
Settori scientifico-disciplinari MIUR:Area 07 - Scienze agrarie e veterinarie > VET/06 Parassitologia e malattie parassitarie degli animali
Struttura di riferimento:Dipartimenti > Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute
Codice ID:11583
Depositato il:06 Nov 2019 14:06
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